Dinasti Bani Umayyah (English version)

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://cdn.idntimes.com/content-images/community/2021/04/laura-siegal-eafcpzpquyu-unsplash-38fed7107cee058098ca06304c1beb90-8d3a7abf6d28162be52cb837a500bc52.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="427" src="https://cdn.idntimes.com/content-images/community/2021/04/laura-siegal-eafcpzpquyu-unsplash-38fed7107cee058098ca06304c1beb90-8d3a7abf6d28162be52cb837a500bc52.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Umayyad Dinasty</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">After Khulafau Rosid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ii</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n era, the next Islamic government is Umayyad Dinasty. The most important in this period is building development, which bigger is in Damaskus. The others development are also about education and expansion. But, the poor thing in this period is about morality - arround the Chaliph’s family-, especially, after Umar ibn Abd Aziz (the best chaliph in this dinasty). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Introduction</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">After the assassination of Mohammed’s son-in-law and cousin, Ali, a group called the Umayyads came to power and chose Mu’awiya as the fifth caliph.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3672150176340998880#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The way: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ln the summer or autumn of AD 661, Mu‘awiya b. AbiSufyan, governor of Syria since 639 and already acclaimed by his Syrian followers as caliph (khalifa), religious and political leader of the</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muslim state, entered the Iraqi garrison town of Kufa. In historical tradition this event is seen as bringing to an end a bitter period of civil war among the Arabs, achieving the reunification under one ruler of all the territories conquered by them, and initiating the caliphate of the Umayyad dynasty of which Mu‘awiya was the founder. The dynasty was to rule for 90 years or so until its</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">overthrow and replacement by that of the ‘Abbasids in 749-50.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3672150176340998880#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> However, this article will give a little explanation about Umayyad Dinasty and ist development. ..... <a href="http://www.mediafire.com/view/qou2zog94bgwsv0/Dinasti_Umayah_(SPI).pdf">read more and download </a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <br clear="all" /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3672150176340998880#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Article “Golden Age of Islamic Achievement: History of Umayyad and Abbasid Dinasties”, p.3</span></div> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3672150176340998880#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">GR. Hawting, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">First Dinasty of Islam the Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 ed.2</i> (London: Routledge), p.1.</span></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://tamanpustaka.com/uploads/images/public/tamanpustaka_1628786015_tumblr_o1ydqsPxuZ1u7cpi7o1_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="800" height="515" src="https://tamanpustaka.com/uploads/images/public/tamanpustaka_1628786015_tumblr_o1ydqsPxuZ1u7cpi7o1_1280.jpg" width="800" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://asset-a.grid.id/crop/0x0:0x0/x/photo/2023/10/31/penjelasan-secara-singkat-sejara-20231031013807.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="533" src="https://asset-a.grid.id/crop/0x0:0x0/x/photo/2023/10/31/penjelasan-secara-singkat-sejara-20231031013807.jpg" width="800" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://alindrahaqeem.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Dinasti-Umayyah.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="693" height="480" src="https://alindrahaqeem.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Dinasti-Umayyah.jpeg" width="693" /></a></div><br />

Umayyad Dinasty After Khulafau Rosid ii n era, the next Islamic government is Umayyad Dinasty. The most important in this period is buil...

Lanjut Baca

Peradaban Arab Pra-Islam (English version)

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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad Muzaqqi (114211062)</span> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The scientific studies of pre-Islamic Arabs starts at 19th century, when the Arabists managed the epigraph Old South Arabian (among 10th century BCE) and Ancient North Arabian (6th century BCE) and the other writings. There were many Arabian kingdoms. And its studies becomes more tengible with the rise of some kingdoms, like Himyarite, Qahtanites, etc. The sources of history include archeological avidence, foreign account, and oral traditions –said by Islamic scholars, like a poems-, al-hadith, etc.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Genealogy</span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">According to this aspect, Arabian people were generation from Ibrahim. It is related with the history, where Ibrahim was the first people who find and placed in Arabia’s earth. He as the prophet (in his era) prayed to the God, “Be better and palmy this region”, and we all can find it now.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The general consensus among 14th century Arabic genealogists was that Arabs are of three kinds:</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 25.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">"Perishing Arabs": These are the ancients of whose history little is known. They include ʿĀd, Thamud, Tasm, Jadis, Imlaq and others. Jadis and Tasm perished because of genocide. ʿĀd and Thamud perished because of their decadence. Some people in the past doubted their existence, but Imlaq is the singular form of 'Amaleeq and is probably synonymous to the biblical </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amalek</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 25.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">"Pure Arabs": They allegedly originated from the progeny of Ya‘rub bin Yashjub bin Qahtan so were also called Qahtanite Arabs.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 25.1pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 25.1pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 25.1pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">"Arabized Arabs": They allegedly originated from the progeny of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ishmael</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (Ismā'īl), son of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs_%28Bible%29" title="Patriarchs (Bible)"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biblical patriarch</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" title="Prophets of Islam"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Islamic prophet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abraham</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Abraham" title="Islamic views on Abraham"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ibrāhīm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">), and were also called </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan" title="Adnan"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Adnan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Geographich</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Acccording to the classical history, the form of Arabia’s area is at length. In the north, there are Palestine and Syam, there are Hira, Tirgis, Furat, and Persian gulf in the east, Indonesia ocean and gulf of Aden in the south, and the red-sea in the west. It proved that, the Arabia’s earth were saved from the other nation’s brunt. Beside that, Arabia’s earth also doesn’t have anything-before we all know that they are the source of fuels-. Even, in this area, there was none river or water source, except zam-zam –didn’t famous yet-. </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The society of Arabia used to move trans-regionally-from the one to the others-continuously. Some activities done were like robbery and interdiction between <i>kaabilah</i>. Because of it, the wars can occured.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sosio-cultural Aspect</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Relatet with the geographical aspect, the kabilah in Arabian people used to do-everything-to survive. They din’t know any rules and any ways as known by us. Just a few that known by them about freedom, it is individual, family, and a little groups (kabilah). They argued that, “what can I do for my kabila, I will do”. I think, it is resemble with our society, Indonesian people, exactly in the remote places, where the eucation didn’t enter yet more and the value didn’t be learned more also. It is natural, <i>sunnatullah</i>.</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Religion Aspect</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Paganism, Judism, and Christ were the religion of Arabian people before Islam came. Pagan which the mayority made the Araian society worship to the looseleafes. There were three as the holist, Lata, Uzza, and Manat. They placed many looseleafes arround the Ka’bah and argued, those can make them closer to the God, we know it as the <i>syirik</i> concept.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">In the other litterature, there were four names of looseleaf, there are ṣanam, wathan, nuṣub, dan ḥubal. Sanam’s form is like a man, made from the iron or wood. Wathan also made from the rock. Nusub was made from the sea rock. The Hubal was made from agate formed a man. It (Hubal) was the biggest than the other placed in the Ka’bah. Many people from the different kabilah came and worship theirselves. The point is the paganism has realy exist among the clasical Arabia civilization until the latest-coming the Jews, Christ, and Islam-.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jews (Yahudi) entered into Arabia’s region and ‘placed’ in Yathrib and Yaman. Dzu Nawaz who known as the King in Yaman was a Jewish. He didn’t like (even) forbade the worshiping of the looseleafes in his nation. He coerced the society to enter and follow his religion. Even, he gave the punnishment for the protester.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Whereas the christ, it came into the Arabia’s region with the contadistions about the arguments and sects. According to Muhammad Abid al-Jabiri, the term “<i>nasara</i>” have two meaning, the first is loose deep in the ministry’s argument and the second one is “<i>hawariyyun</i>”. Many Chistian missionarist spread theit through use the greek language. It affected many problems. One of them is about contradictions about the rightness between greek philosophy and the Church’s thaugh. And this also devided the Cristiant to many groups.</span></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Economical Aspect</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The center of commerce in Arabia’s region is Mekka. It had a big influence for the commerce in Persie and Binzantium, Yaman-where Ukaz, Majnah, and Dzul Majaz, the important city placed in-. In there also used to be conference between the sects and kabilah. The Mekka was a littel civilization. Even, the <i>Jahiliyyah</i> era –said as the deppression- had a high civilization. The Arabian people also had a good relation with many other cultures, like Helenisme, Persie, and Rhome. It also can strenghten the economical sector.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Political Aspect (the kongdoms)</span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1cm;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There were many kingdoms in Arabia’s region. Even though them, Arabian people can prove the big domination. Beside of that, the Arabia’s places also be the important place, specially in political sector. In a big-line, the kingdoms in Arabia can be devided to two,</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">South kingdom</span></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kingdom of Ma'in/ Minaean (7th century BCE – 1st century BCE). The capital wa Karna (known as Sa’dah). The important city was Yathil (Baraqish)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kingdom of Saba/ Sabaean (9th century BCE – 275 CE). Its capital was </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27rib" title="Ma'rib"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ma'rib</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, is located near what is now Yemen's modern capital, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a" title="Sana'a"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sana'a</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kingdom of Hadhramaut (8th century BCE – 3rd century CE)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">   </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kingdom of Awsan (8th century BCE – 6th century BCE)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kingdom of Qataban (4th century BCE – 3rd century CE). The capital of Qataban was named </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timna" title="Timna"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Timna</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. The chief deity of the Qatabanians was </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amm_%28god%29" title="Amm (god)"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, or "Uncle" and the people called themselves the "children of Amm".</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kingdom of Himyar/ Himyarites (2nd century BCE – 525 CE). The Himyar rebelled united Southwestern Arabia, controlling the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Red Sea</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> as well as the coasts of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gulf of Aden</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. And, it time, It can dominate as far east to the Persian Gulf and as far north to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Arabian Desert</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aksumite occupation of Yemen (525 – 570 CE)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sassanid period (570 – 630 CE)</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify;"> <i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">North kingdom</span></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The Achaemenids in Northern Arabia, it </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">corresponded to the lands between Egypt and Mesopotamia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nabateans</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Palmyra and Roman Arabia</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qahtanites</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -10.9pt;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rise of Islam</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">When the stalemate was finally broken and it seemed like Byzantium had finally gained the upper hand in battle, nomadic Arabs invaded from the desert frontiers bringing with them a new social order that emphasized religious devotion over tribal membership.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">By the time the last Byzantine-Sassanid war came to an end in 628, Islam was already united under the power of the religious-politico </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate"><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Caliphate</span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (or leader). The Muslims were able to launch attacks against both empires which resulted in destruction of the Sassanid Empire and the overthrowing of Byzantium's territories in the Levant, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus"><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Caucasus</span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, Egypt, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Syria</span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> and North Africa.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#cite_note-20">^{<span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[21]</span>}</a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Over the following centuries, most of the Byzantine Empire and the entirety of the Sassanid Empire came under Muslim rule.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">"Within the lifetime of some of the children who met Muhammad and sat on the Prophet's knees, Arab armies controlled the land mass that extended from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees"><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pyrenees Mountains</span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> in Europe to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River"><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Indus River</span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> valley in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><span color="windowtext" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">South Asia</span></a><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. In less than a century, Arabs had come to rule over an area that spanned five thousand miles."</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></b></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">P.K. Hitty. History of Arab.</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia</span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://msubhanzamzami.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/kondisi-arab-pra-islam-dalam-aspek-sosial-budaya-agama-ekonomi-dan-politik/ </span></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div>

Ahmad Muzaqqi (114211062)     The scientific studies of pre-Islamic Arabs starts at 19th century, when the Arabists managed the epi...

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Sejarah Pengumpulan dan Kodifikasi Al-qur'an - Arabic version (جمع القرأن وترتيبه)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> oleh: Abdullah Nasir (mahasiswa FUPK-TH IAIN Walisongo Semarang)<br /> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim></m:wrapindent></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br /> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"><m:dispdef><m:lmargin m:val="0"><m:rmargin m:val="0"><m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"><m:wrapindent m:val="1440"><m:intlim m:val="subSup"><m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFejP-ai1FV51cgP6Qd1ZYhGVo2NjfYJ-4XUCHiI7rJcW5FBpZf1lbCs8nTrCJSXh6dI4Ol2yr7B_u49DVz64OiS02lZWtEUOiAc2Pr9yhex61n2xTxk-dBtPga6Q2ClsDOdtYuqoSoA/s1600/123940_tasbih.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFejP-ai1FV51cgP6Qd1ZYhGVo2NjfYJ-4XUCHiI7rJcW5FBpZf1lbCs8nTrCJSXh6dI4Ol2yr7B_u49DVz64OiS02lZWtEUOiAc2Pr9yhex61n2xTxk-dBtPga6Q2ClsDOdtYuqoSoA/s320/123940_tasbih.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">إن الحمد لله الذى نزل القرأن الجليل نحمد ونستعينه و نعوذ بالله من شرور أنفسنا ومن سيئات أعمالنا من يهده الله فلا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">يهد مضلّ له ومن يضلل فلا هادى له و أشهد أن لاّ إله إلاّ الله وحده لا شريك له و أشهد أنّ محمّد عبده و رسوله. و الصّلاة و السّلام على رسول لله صلّى الله عليه وسلّم أشرف الأنبياء ومرسلين وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">هذه الرسالة لإنتهى المطلوب فى علم القرآن عن جمع القرآن و ترتيبه فى كليّة أصول الدّين النموذجيّة الجامعة والى سونجو الإسلاميّة الحكوميّة على الأستاذ أولين نعام</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">إنقسم العلماء جمع القرآن و ترتيبه فى عهدين و هي هناك فى عهد الرسول الله و فى عهد الخلفاء الرشدين.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">جمع القرآن فى عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلّم</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">فى عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلّم قد إطلق جمع القرآن ويراد به عند العلماء أحد معنيين : المعنى الأوّل هى جمعه بمعنى "حفظه" و جمّاع القرآن بمعنى "حفّاظه" والمعنى الثانى هى كتابته.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <b><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">أوّلا : جمع القرأن فى الصدور (جمع القرآن بمعنى حفظه على عهد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلّم</span></i></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">المزية الأولى لهذه القرآن العظيم هو جمعه وحفظه. قد نزل القرآن العزيز من الله تعالى على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلّم الأمّى فكانت همّته منصرفة إلى حفظه و استظهاره ليحفظه كما نزل عليه. ومن شأن الأمى (فى العادة) أن يعتمد على حافظته و ذاكرته لأنه لم يقدر القرأ و الكتب.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">وكانت الأمة العربيّة على عهد نزول القرآن تتمتع بخصائص العروبة الكاملة التى فيها قوة الذاكرة وسرعة الحفظ وسيلان الأذهان وكان العربي يحفظ مئـات الآلاف من الأشعار ويعرف الأحساب و الأنساب والتواريخ وقلّ أن تجد منهم من لا يعدّ لك الحسب والنسب أو من لا يحفظ. فجاءهم القرآن فبهرهم بقوّة بيانه وروعة أحكامه. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">أما النبي صلى الله عليه وسلّم فقد بلغ من حرسه على حفظ القرآن أن يحي الليل بتلاوت آيات القرآن فى الصلاة عبادة وتلاوة وتدبيرا لمعانيه حتى تفطّرت قدماه الشريفتان من كثرة القيام لذالك فلا عجب أن يكون صلى الله عليه وسلّم سيّد الحفّاظ. وأما الصحابة فقد كانوا يتسابقون إلى تلاوت القرآن ومدارسته ويبذلون قصارى جهدهم لاستظهاره وحفظه و يعلمونه أزواجه و أولاده فى البيوت. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <b><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">ثانيا : جمع القرأن فى السطور أو جمع القرآن بمعنى كتابته على عهد الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلّم</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">أما المزية</span><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">الثانية القرآن العظيم هو جمعه و كتابته فى المصحف. لقد إتخذ رسول الله كتابا للوحي من أجلاء الصحابة كعلّي ومعويّة وأبي بن كعب وزيد بن ثبت تنزّل الآية فيأمرهم بكتابتها ويرشدهم إلى موضعها من سورتها حتى تظاهر الكتابة فى السطور الجمع فى الصدور. و كان بعض الصحابة يكتبون آيات القرآن عن طريق كتب القرآن على العسب, واللّخّاف والرّقاع والكرانيف والأقتاب و قطع الأديم و الأكتاف عن زيد ثابت قال : "كنا عند رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلّم نؤلف القرآن من الرقاع" أى نجمّعه و كان هذا التأليف عبارة عن ترتيب الآية حسب إرشاد النبى صلى الله عليه وسلّم وبأمر من الله تعالى ولهذا إتفق العلماء على أن جمع القرآن توقيفي يعنى أن ترتيبه بهذه الطريقة التى نراه عليها اليوم فى المصحف إنّما هو بأمرٍ ووحيٍ من الله, فقد ورد أن جبريل عليه السلام كان ينزّل بالآية أو اللآيات على النبى فقال له : يا محمد إن الله يأمرك أن تضعها على رأس كذا من سورة كذا, وكذلك كان الرسول يقول للصحابة : ضعوها فى موضع كذا.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">جمع القرآن فى عهد الخلفاء الراشدين</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">في هذا العهد, إنقسم العهد على العهدين وهى هناك كان عهد أبي بكر الصّديق رضى الله تعالى عنه و هناك عغد عثمان بن عفّان رضى الله تعالى عنه أيضا.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <b><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">أولا : جمع القرآن فى عهد أبي بكر الصّديق رضى الله تعالى عنه.</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">كان أبو بكر الخليفة الأولى فى الإسلام بعد وفة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلّم وقد واجهته </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">–</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> فى خلافة أبي بكر </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">–</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> خطوب جسميّة وشدائد عظيمة ومشاكل صعاب ومنها حزوب المرتدين التى وقعت بعد وفة النبى محمّد صلى الله عليه وسلّم بين المسلمين و بين أتباع مسيلمة الكذّاب وكانت غزوة أهل اليمامة سنة اثنتـــي عشرة للهجرية تضمن عددا كبيرا من الصحابة القراء وقد إستشهد فيها كثير من قرّاء الصحابة, و كان سبعون قارئا من الصحابة قد إستشهد فى هذه الغزوة, فهلك ذلك المسلمين وعزّ الأمر على عمر بن خطاب فدخل على أبى بكر الصّديق فوجد فى حزن و ألم. وأشر عليه بجمع القرآن وكتابته خشية الضياع بموت الحفّاظ, فتردّد أوّل الأمر من أبو بكر  وكبر عليه أن يفعل ما لم يفعله رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلّم, ثمّ رأى أن يأخذ بإرشاد عمر بن خطّاب بعد أن تبيّن له وجه المصلحة حتى شرح الله صدر أبي بكر الصّديق لذلك العمل الجليل فأرسل إلى زيد بن ثابت من أبي بكر الصّديق لمكانته فى القرءة والكتابة ولفهم والعقل وشهود العرضيّة وقص عليه قو عمر بن خطّاب. ولكن قد نفر زيد بن ثابت فى باديء الأمر كما نفر أبو بكر الصّديق من قبل.و تراجعا حتى طابت نفس زيد للكتابة. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">امتزات الصحف التى جمعت فى عهد أبي بكر الصديق فى مصحف واحد بعدة مزايا أهمها :</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">أولاً     </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">  </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">: التحرّي الدقيق التام, والتثبيت الكامل</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">ثانيًا      : لم يسجّل فى المصحف إلا ما ثبت عدم نسخ تلاونه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">ثالثًا       : إجماع الأمة عليه, وتواتر ما سجّل فيه من الآيـــات القرآنيـــة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">رابعًا     : شمول المصحف للقراءات السبع التى نقلت بالنقال اثابت الصحيح</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">وهذه المزايا جعلت الصحابة يلهجون بالثناء العاطر على أبي بكر الصديق حيث القرىن من الضياعوذلك بالتوفيق من الله تعالى ومدد من عنده.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">وقد عرفنا, أمر أبو بكر بجمع القرآن فى مصحف واحد مرتب الآيـــات والسور وأن تكون كتابته غاية من التثبيت مشتملة غلى الأحرف السبعة التى نزل بها القرآن فكان أبو بكر هو أوّل من جمع كتاب الله بهذه الصفة فى مصحف</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <b><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">ثانيا : جمع القرآن فى عهدعثمان بن عفّان رضى الله تعالى عنه.</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">فى عهد عثمان بن عفان السبب من نفس عثمان بن عفان لجمع القرآن ليس المناسب بسبب أبي بكر الصّديق. فقد اتسعت الفتوحات الإسلاميّة فى عهد عثمان وتفرّق القراء فى الأمصار وأخذ أهل كل المصر عمن وفد إليهم قراءتهووجوه القراءة التى يؤدون بها القرآن مختلفة باختلاف الأحراف التى نزل عليها. وإشتهر فى كل بلدان من البلاد الإسلاميّة قراءة الصحابي الذى علّمهم القرآن وقراءة بين بلدة الواحد إلى الأخر ليس المناسب على سبيل المثال هناك كانوا أهل الشام  يقرأون بقراءة أبيّ بن كعب وأهل الكوفة  يقراءون بقراءة عبد الله بن مسعود وغيرهم. فكن بينهم اختلاف فى حروف الأداء ووجوه القراءات حتى كاد الأمر يصل إلى النزاع والشقاف. وبعض ذلك مشوب باللحن مع إلف كلّ لقراءته ووقوفها عندها ومماراته مخالفة لغيره كاد بعضهم يكفّر بعضا بسبب إختلاف القراء. وحينئذ فزع إلى العثمان رضى الله تعالى عنه وأخبره بما رأى وكان عثمان قد نمى إليه أن شيئاً من ذلك الخلاف يحدث لمن يقرئون الصبية, فينشأ هؤلاء وبينهم من الإختلاف بينهم فأكبر الصحابة هذا الأمر مخافة أن ينجم عنه التحريف والتبديل وأجمعوا أمرهم أن ينسخوا الصحف الأولى التى كانت عند أبي بكر ويجمعوا الناس عليها بقراءة الثابتة على حرف الواحد, فأرسل عثمان إلى حفصة فأرسلت إليه بتلك الصحف ثم أرسل إلى زيد بن ثابت الأنصارى وإلى عبد الله بن الزبير وسعيد بن العاص وعبد الرحمن بن حارث بن هشام القرشيين, فأمرهم ان ينسخوها فى المصاحف وأن يكتب ما اختلاف فىه زيد مع رهط القرشيين الثلاثة بلسان قريش فإنه نزل بلسانهم.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">روى عن أبي قلابة أنه قال : "لما كانت خلافة عثمان, جعل المعلم (المقويء)يعلّم قراءة الرجل والمعلّم يعلّم قراءة الرجل فجعل الغلمان يلتقون فيخنلفون حتى إرتفاع إلى المعلّمين حتى كفّر بعضهم بعضا فبلغ ذلك العثمان فخطب فقال : أنتم عندى تختلفون فمن نادى (أي بعد)عنى من الأنصار فهم أشدّ إختلافا</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">"</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> لهذه الاسباب والأحداث رائ عثمان بثقاب رايه وصدق نظره أن يتدارك الخرق قبل أن يتّسع على الراقع وأن يستأصل الداء قبل أن يصعب الدواء فجمع أعلام الصحابة ورجال الرأي والبصر فيهم واستشارهم فى علاج تلك الفتنة وعلاج ذلك الإختلاف. فأجمعوا أمرهم على أن يستنسخ أمير المومنين مصاحف عديدة ويبعث إلى كل البلد أو مصر بمصحف منها وأن يأمر النفس بإحراق كل ما عداها حتى لا يبقى ثمة طريق للنزاع والإختلاف فى وجوه القراءة. فشرع رضى الله تعالى عنه بتنفيذ هذا القرار الحكيم فعهد إلى أربعة من خيرة الصحابة, وثقات الحفّاظ وهم زيد بن ثابت و عبد الله بن زبير و سعيد بن العاص و عبد الرجمن بن هاشم فقد كان من الأنصار, وكان هذا العمل فى سنة 24 هجرية, وقال لهؤلاء إذا اختلفتم فى شيئ من وجوه القراءة فاكتبوه بلغة القريش فإن القرآن نزل بلغتهم و طلب عثمان من حفصة بنت عمر أن تعطيه المصحف الذى كان عندها والذى جمعه أبو بكر لينسخ منه عدّة نسخ ثم يعيده إليه, ففعلت.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">ثم وإذا ننظر إلى جمع أبي بكر و جمع عثمان للقرآن العظيم هناك كان الفرق بينهما. وهو</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">أولاّ</span></u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> : أن جمع أبي بكر للقرآن كان عبارة عن نقل القرآن وكتابته فى مصحف واحد مرتب الآيـــات, جمعها اللخاف والعسب والرّقاع وأما جمع عثمان للقرآن كان عبارة عن نسخ عدّة نسخ من المصحف الذى جمع فى عهد أبي بكر لترسل إلى الأفاق الإسلاميّة</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">ثانياّ</span></u><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> : كان السبب من جمع أبي بكر للقرآن هو موت الحفّاظ و أما السبب جمع عثمان للقرآن هو إختلاف القراء فى قراءة القرآن</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin: 0in 21.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic (Arabic)","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">والله أعلم وصلى الله على سيّدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div> <br /></div>

oleh: Abdullah Nasir (mahasiswa FUPK-TH IAIN Walisongo Semarang)     إن الحمد لله الذى نزل القرأن ...

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