FILSAFAT YUNANI KUNO PADA MASA ZENO, EMPEDOCLES, ANAXSAGORAS, DAN DEMOCRITOS

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disusun oleh : </span></b><b style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aufal Marom (114211018), </span></b><b style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hilyatuz  Zulfa </span></b><b style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(</span></b><b style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">114211022</span></b><b style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)*</span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">      </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Z</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ENO </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">( 490 – 430 SM )<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiidTepF7cEn2Kr2EBz3i2IVWPhs08nk6NwYjBxmNLSoQfF-qe7jTCCb07hiE4kZA3B4DGlKV-4fMTbr-kbodadXWRnaERhjaVRp_d_eUkZ_uPKUPLA3MkRAgKhTzjm4ymk5NAvBU5-6Hk/s1600/zeno_elea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiidTepF7cEn2Kr2EBz3i2IVWPhs08nk6NwYjBxmNLSoQfF-qe7jTCCb07hiE4kZA3B4DGlKV-4fMTbr-kbodadXWRnaERhjaVRp_d_eUkZ_uPKUPLA3MkRAgKhTzjm4ymk5NAvBU5-6Hk/s320/zeno_elea.jpg" width="234" /></a></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zeno lahir di Elia,dan murid dari Parmenides.sebagai murid dari Parmenides ia dengan gigihnya mempertahankan ajaran gurunya dengan cara memberikan argumentasi secara baik.sehingga di kemudian hari dianggap sebagai peletak dasar dialektika. Dia mencoba membuktikan bahwa gerak adalah suatu khayalan, dan bahwa tiada kejamakan serta tiada ruang kosong.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada bermacam-macam alasan yang dikemukakan untuk membuktikan bahwa gerak adalah suatu khayalan. Di antara bukti-bukti ialah :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bahwa Akhilles, pelari termasyhur Yunani, tidak akan pernah dapat mengejar seekor kura-kura yang bejalan di depanya dalam jarak tertentu, sebab setiap kali Akhilles samapi di tempat kura-kura mulai berjalan, kura-kura itu sudah meninggalkan tempat startnya. Demikian itu terjadi terus menerus,akibatnya Akhilles tidak pernah dapat mengejar kura-kura itu. Bukti yang lain ialah, bahwa sebuah anak panah yang dilepaskan dari busurnya sebenarnya tidak bergerak, melainkan setiap saat berhenti. Hanya kelihatanya saja bergerak.<a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>Argumentasi Zeno ini selama 20 abad lebih tidak dapat terpecahkan secara logis. Baru dapat di pecahkan setelah para ahli matematika membuat pengertian limit dari seri tak terhingga.<a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk membuktikan bahwa tiada kejamakan, Zeno mengungkapkan, bahwa seandainya  ada kejamakan, sepotong garis dapat dibagi-bagi,yang tiap bagianya paling sedikit terdiri dari dua titik, yaitu titik pangkal dan titik ujungnya. Bagian ini, karena memiliki jarak antara titik pangkal dan titik ujung, tentu dapat dibagi-bagi lagi,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang bagianya terdiri lagi dari dua titik, yaitu titik pangkal dan titik ujung.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demikianlah pembagian itu dapat terus menerus dilakukan,sebab setiap bagian senantiasa terdiri dari paling sedikit dua titik yang terpisah oleh suatu jarak. Pembagian ini dalam kenyataanya tidak mungkin. Oleh karenanya harus disimpulkan, bahwa kejamakan tidak ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-right: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk membuktikan bahwa tiada ruang kosong, Zeno mengemukakan, bahwa seandainya ada ruang kosong, ruang kosong itu tentu mengambil tempat dalam ruang yang lain, dan ruang yang lain itu mengambil tempatnya lagi dalam ruang yang lain. Demikian seterusnya, maka harus disimpulkan, bahwa runag kosong tidak ada.<a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 9.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">      </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MPEDOKLES</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (490-435 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyP7CksQAn31G1ELdmRNffkafsnx79DH15_G5VSZM8LD9mJ4VZT8xqbS8Iks_p1ZXLW9qIEc0v9JEBz0E52ulWFC8X6fEcQiUulc4rMHbB4hkb4xYe5VdS85191MIz1C98DqEfRb2Sojw/s1600/empedocles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyP7CksQAn31G1ELdmRNffkafsnx79DH15_G5VSZM8LD9mJ4VZT8xqbS8Iks_p1ZXLW9qIEc0v9JEBz0E52ulWFC8X6fEcQiUulc4rMHbB4hkb4xYe5VdS85191MIz1C98DqEfRb2Sojw/s320/empedocles.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahir di Akragos, pualu Sicilla. Ia sangat dipengaruhi oleh ajaran kaum Pythagoran, Parmenidaes, dan aliran keagamaan refisme. Ia pandai dalam bidang kedokteran, penyair retorika, politik, dan pemikir. Ia menulis dalam bentuk puisi, seperti Parmenides.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasil karyanya dituangkan dalam bentuk syair, yaitu: tentang alam dan tentang penyucian, atau suatu pemikiran filsafati tentang alam dan suatu buah pikiran yang bersifat mistis-keagamaan.<a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam pemikiran ia setuju dengan pendapat Permenides bahwa alam semesta tiada sesuatu pun yang dilahirkan sebagai hal yang baru dan dapat dibinasakan sehingga tiada lagi. Demikian juga ia setuju dengan bahwa tiada ruang kosong. Akan tetapi ia menentang bahwa kesaksian indera adalah palsu. Memang pengamatan yang dengan indera menunjukan hal yang jamak, yang berubah, akan tetapi bentuk kenyataan yang bermacam-macam itu hanya disebabkan karena penggabungan dan pemisahan keempat anasir (<i>rizomoto</i>) yang menyusun segala kenyataan. Keempat anasir itu adalah : <i>air, udara, api dan tanah</i>. Keempat anasir itu mempunyai kualitas yang sama. Yaitu tidak berubah-ubah.segala yang ada terdiri dari keempat anasir itu. Perbedaan-perbedaan yang ada di antara benda-benda disebabkan karena campuran atau peggabungan keempat anasir itu berbeda-beda, misal : tulang terdiri dari 2 bagian anasir tanah, 2 bagian anasir air dan 4 bagian anasir api, demikian seterusnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Proses penggabungan dan pemisahan anasir itu diatur oleh dua kekuatan yang saling berlawanan, yaitu cinta <i>(filotes)</i> dan benci <i>(neikos</i>), cinta menggabungkan, sedang benci menceraikan. Dengan demikian keduanya dipandang sebagai cairan halus yang meresapi semua benda. Dengan demikian segala sesuatu dipandang sebagai bersifat bendawi. Semula keempat anasir itu digabungkan dalam suatu keselarasan cinta,akan tetapi benci berusaha menceraikan keempatnya tersebut, sehingga muncul pengelompokan 4 zaman Empedokles yang belangsung terus-menerus, silih-berganti,dan kembali lagi kepada yang pertama, tiada henti-hentinya :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">                  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zaman dimana cinta yang dominan. Alam semesta bagaikan bola, yang semua anasirnya tercampur secara sempurna dan benci tersisih ke ujung<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">                  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zaman yang mana anasir-anasir yang tercampur sempurna tadi mulai diceraikan,sehingga sebagian mulai dikuasai benci<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">                  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zaman tercerainya empat anasir secara sempurna, sehingga benci berdominan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">                  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zaman yang mana cinta mulai meresap dalam kosmos. Zaman ini sejajar dengan yang kedua,yang diakhiri dengan dominasi cinta. Tetapi proses ini belum selesai. Kembalilah zaman yang pertama di mulai dan seterusnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam perkembanganya sehingga muncul teori <i>pengenalan</i> : yang sama mengenal yang sama, karena anasir tanah yang ada pada manusia itulah manusia mengenal tanah,air dan sebagainya.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></a></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. ANAXAGORAS (500-428 SM)</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDLm8mBqB4aqB53OR_CJAGiayVpmYMYs1qtT56ywwThU7esPzsC_nV-RSQEe6Yf-FU4ogEWBLPv8aGZGo99kZ0yLL3DgBzDYcbfVD2w7v2h9GnGVFGk9Ycc2Zmm1d3qV_lKqEJ-UXUrXI/s1600/200px-Anaxagoras_Lebiedzki_Rahl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDLm8mBqB4aqB53OR_CJAGiayVpmYMYs1qtT56ywwThU7esPzsC_nV-RSQEe6Yf-FU4ogEWBLPv8aGZGo99kZ0yLL3DgBzDYcbfVD2w7v2h9GnGVFGk9Ycc2Zmm1d3qV_lKqEJ-UXUrXI/s1600/200px-Anaxagoras_Lebiedzki_Rahl.jpg" /></a></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"> <span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.</span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riwayat Hidup Anaxagoras</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN">            Anaxagoras (500-428 SM) lahir di kota </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klazomenai&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Klazomenai (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Klazomenai</span></a><span lang="IN">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ionia</span></a><span lang="IN">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Kecil" title="Asia Kecil"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Asia Kecil</span></a><span lang="IN">, sekitar tahun 500 SM. Pada tahun 480 SM, Anaxagoras meninggalkan kota asalnya dan menetap di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Athena</span></a><span lang="IN">. Ia tinggal di Athena selama kurang lebih 50 tahun. Dengan demikian Anaxagoras menjadi filsuf pertama yang berkarya di Athena, dimana kemudian hari Athena inilah menjadi pusat perkembangan filsafat Yunani sampai pada abad ke-2 SM. Di Athena Anaxagoras berteman dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pericles</span></a><span lang="IN">, seorang politikus terkenal di Athena. Selain itu, disebutkan pula bahwa Euripides, dramawan tersohor kesusasteraan Yunani, adalah murid Anaxagoras.</span><b><span lang="IN"> </span></b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <b>            </b><span lang="IN">Anaxagoras adalah salah seorang filsuf dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazhab_pluralisme&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mazhab pluralisme (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mazhab pluralisme</span></a><span lang="IN">. Filsuf lain yang tergolong di dalam mazhab ini adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedokles" title="Empedokles"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Empedokles</span></a><span lang="IN">. Anaxagoras, sebagaimana Empedokles, mengajarkan bahwa realitas alam semesta berasal dari banyak prinsip. Anaxagoras hidup sezaman dengan Empedokles dan juga para filsuf atomis awal, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Leukippos</span></a><span lang="IN"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokritos" title="Demokritos"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Demokritos</span></a><span lang="IN">. Anaxagoras diketahui mengarang satu buku dalam bentuk prosa. Akan tetapi, hanya beberapa fragmen dari bagian pertama yang masih tersimpan.</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">  <span lang="IN">Ketika Pericles telah berusia lanjut, musuh-musuhnya berhasil memfitnah Anaxagoras dengan tuduhan murta</span>d. Kemudian<span lang="IN"> Anaxagoras </span>di ajukan ke pengadilan dan <span lang="IN">diancam hukuman mati.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Tampaknya Anaxagoras difitnah karena ia menganggap matahari</span> adalah batu yang berpijar dan bulan adalah tanah, yang hanyalah <span lang="IN">benda-benda material semata</span>. Bukan Dewa seperti apa yang menjadi kepercayaan masyarakat pada saat itu. Atas jasa Paricles,<span lang="IN"> ia di</span>bebaskan<span lang="IN"> dari penjara dan melarikan diri ke kota Lampsakos. Anaxagoras meninggal di sana pada usia 72 tahun.</span><o:p></o:p></div> <h2 style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B. </span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran</span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Anaxagoras</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <h3 style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. </span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang Benih-Benih sebagai Prinsip Alam Semesta</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <div style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 315.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span lang="IN">Anaxagoras sama seperti Empedokles yang menyatakan bahwa prinsip dasar yang menyusun alam semesta tidaklah tunggal, namun mereka berbeda di dalam jumlahnya. Empedokles menyatakan bahwa hanya ada 4 zat yang menjadi prinsip alam semesta, sedangkan Anaxagoras menyatakan bahwa jumlah prinsip tersebut tak terhingga.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Zat-zat tersebut disebutnya "benih-benih" (<i>spermata</i>). Menurut Anaxagoras, setiap benda, bahkan seluruh realitas di alam semesta, tersusun dari suatu campuran yang mengandung semua benih dalam jumlah tertentu. Indera manusia tidak dapat men</span>y<span lang="IN">erap semua benih yang ada di dalam satu benda, melainkan hanya benih yang dominan. </span><o:p></o:p></div> <div style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 315.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span lang="IN">Contohnya jikalau manusia melihat emas, maka ia dapat langsung mengenalinya sebagai emas, sebab benih yang dominan pada benda tersebut adalah benih emas. Akan tetapi, pada kenyataannya selain benih emas, benda itu juga mempunyai benih tembaga, perak, besi, dan sebagainya. Hanya saja semua benih tersebut tidak dominan sehingga tidak ditangkap oleh indera manusia.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">Argumentasi yang ditunjukkan oleh Anaxagoras adalah melalui tubuh manusia. Di dalam tubuh manusia terdapat berbagai unsur, seperti daging, kuku, darah, rambut, dan sebagainya. Bagaimana mungkin rambut dan kuku tumbuh, padahal manusia tidak memakan rambut atau kuku? Pemecahan yang diberikan Anaxagoras adalah karena di dalam makanan telah terdapat benih rambut, kuku, daging, dan semua unsur lainnya.</span><o:p></o:p></div> <h3 style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.Tentang <i>Nous</i></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN">            Jikalau Empedokles menyatakan ada dua prinsip yang menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan dari zat-zat dasar, yakni "cinta" dan "benci", maka Anaxagoras menyatakan hanya ada satu prinsip yang mendorong perubahan-perubahan dari benih-benih tersebut, yakni <i>nous</i>. <i>Nous</i> berarti "roh" atau "rasio". Ia tidak tercampur dengan benih-benih dan terpisah dari semua benda, namun menjadi prinsip yang mengatur segala sesuatu.</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masih menjadi perdebatan apakah <i>nous</i> yang dimaksudkannya bersifat materi atau tidak, sebab Anaxagoras mengatakan bahwa <i>nous</i> merupakan unsur yang paling halus dan paling murni dari segala yang ada. Akan tetapi, jelas bahwa Anaxagoras adalah filsuf pertama yang menetapkan kemandirian roh atau rasio terhadap semua zat atau materi,dan untuk pertamakalinya dalam filsafat dikenal adanya pembedaan antara jasmani dan rohani.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <h3 style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.</span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang Alam Semesta</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">             <span lang="IN">Ajaran Anaxagoras tentang alam semesta mirip dengan filsuf-filsuf pertama dari Ionia, khususnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximenes" title="Anaximenes"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anaximenes</span></a><span lang="IN">. Anaxagoras berpendapat bahwa badan-badan jagat raya terdiri dari batu-batu yang berpijar akibat kecepatan tinggi dari pusaran angin yang menggerakkannya.</span><o:p></o:p></div> <h3 style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.Tentang Makhluk Hidup</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN">            Anaxagoras adalah filsuf pertama yang membedakan secara jelas antara makhluk hidup dengan yang tidak hidup. Dikatakan bahwa <i>nous</i> memang menguasai segala-galanya, namun tidak ada di dalam makhluk yang tidak hidup, termasuk tumbuh-tumbuhan.</span>^<o:p></o:p></div> <h3 style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang Pengenalan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">             <span lang="IN">Berbeda dari Empedokles yang menyatakan bahwa yang sama mengenal yang sama, menurut Anaxagoras prinsip pengenalan justru yang berlawanan mengenal yang berlawanan. Argumentasi yang diberikan olehnya adalah pengenalan inderawi manusia yang disertai rasa nyeri, misalnya bila tangan meraba air panas, atau mata melihat benda yang terlalu terang.</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 9.0pt; text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. DEMOKRITOS (460-370 SM)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxaVqRk5xWoJv0g5-hQSukjfz84PbBgk-wT53rqxf22vV2kxeWljJyBbChPR1pJjntdLM3wPK7tH1S-UFjG5HXGA1nlTKQEACwD5pc2teSPKCGH2DwvU7yQ6BjCNr9JH84iCZAuQ45FaQ/s1600/Democritus_by_Agostino_Carracci.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxaVqRk5xWoJv0g5-hQSukjfz84PbBgk-wT53rqxf22vV2kxeWljJyBbChPR1pJjntdLM3wPK7tH1S-UFjG5HXGA1nlTKQEACwD5pc2teSPKCGH2DwvU7yQ6BjCNr9JH84iCZAuQ45FaQ/s320/Democritus_by_Agostino_Carracci.jpg" width="237" /></a></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 9.0pt; text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">A.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Riwayat Hidup</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Demokritos</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demokritos lahir di kota </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdera&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Abdera (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abdera</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> di pesisir Thrake di</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yunani</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Utara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia hidup sekitar tahun 460 SM hingga 370 SM. Ia berasal dari keluarga kaya raya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada waktu ia masih muda, ia menggunakan warisannya untuk pergi ke </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mesir</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan negeri-negeri Timur lainnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demokritos adalah seorang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsuf" title="Filsuf"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">filsuf</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> yang termasuk di dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazhab_Atomisme&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mazhab Atomisme (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mazhab Atomisme</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Ia adalah murid dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukippos" title="Leukippos"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Leukippos</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, pendiri mazhab tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Demokritos juga belajar kepada Anaxagoras dan Philolaos. Ia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> mengembangkan pemikiran tentang atom sehingga justru pemikiran Demokritos yang lebih dikenal di dalam sejarah filsafat. Sayangnya, karya-karya Demokritos tidak ada yang tersimpan. Demokritos menulis tentang ilmu alam, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">astronomi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">matematika</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sastra</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">epistemologi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">etika</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sehingga dia dipandang sebagai seorang sarjana yang menguasai banyak bidang. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada sekitar 300 kutipan tentang pemikiran Demokritos di dalam sumber-sumber kuno. Sebagian besar kutipan-kutipan tersebut berisi tentang etika.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meskipun ia hidup sezaman dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sokrates</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, bahkan usianya lebih muda, namun Demokritos tetap digolongkan sebagai filsuf pra-sokratik. Hal ini dikarenakan ia melanjutkan dan mengembangkan ajaran atomisme dari Leukippos yang merupakan filsuf pra-sokratik. Ajaran Leukippos dan Demokritos bahkan hampir tidak dapat dipisahkan. Selain itu, filsafat Demokritos tidak dikenal di Athena untuk waktu yang cukup lama. Misalnya saja, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Plato</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> tidak mengetahui apa-apa tentang Atomisme. Baru Aristoteles yang kemudian menaruh perhatian besar terhadap pandangan atomisme.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">B. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Demokritos<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang Atom</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">            </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demokritos dan gurunya, Leukippos, berpendapat bahwa atom adalah unsur-unsur yang membentuk realitas. Di sini, mereka setuju dengan ajaran </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralisme" title="Pluralisme"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pluralisme</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedokles" title="Empedokles"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Empedokles</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan Anaxagoras bahwa realitas terdiri dari banyak unsur, bukan satu. Akan tetapi, bertentangan dengan Empedokles dan Anaxagoras, Demokritos menganggap bahwa unsur-unsur tersebut tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi. Karena itulah, unsur-unsur tersebut diberi nama </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atom</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Yunani</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i><span lang="IN">atomos</span></i><span lang="IN">: <i>a</i> berarti "tidak" dan <i>tomos</i> berarti "terbagi")</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atom-atom tersebut merupakan unsur-unsur terkecil yang membentuk realitas. Ukurannya begitu kecil sehingga mata manusia tidak dapat melihatnya. Selain itu, atom juga tidak memiliki kualitas, seperti panas atau manis. Hal itu pula yang membedakan dengan konsep zat-zat Empedokles dan benih-benih dari Anaxagoras. Atom-atom tersebut berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya melalui tiga hal: bentuknya(seperti huruf A berbeda dengan huruf N), urutannya (seperti AN berbeda dengan NA), dan posisinya (huruf A berbeda dengan Z dalam urutan abjad). Dengan demikian, atom memiliki kuantitas belaka, termasuk juga massa.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jumlah atom yang membentuk realitas ini tidak berhingga.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu, atom juga dipandang sebagai tidak dijadikan, tidak dapat dimusnahkan, dan tidak berubah. Yang terjadi pada atom adalah gerak. Karena itu, Demokritus menyatakan bahwa "prinsip dasar alam semesta adalah atom-atom dan kekosongan". Jika ada ruang kosong, maka atom-atom itu dapat bergerak. Demokritus membandingkan gerak atom dengan situasi ketika sinar matahari memasuki kamar yang gelap gulita melalui retak-retak jendela. Di situ akan terlihat bagaimana debu bergerak ke semua jurusan, walaupun tidak ada angin yang menyebabkannya bergerak. Dengan demikian, tidak diperlukan prinsip lain untuk membuat atom-atom itu bergerak, seperti prinsip "cinta" dan "benci" menurut Empedokles. Adanya ruang kosong sudah cukup membuat atom-atom itu bergerak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Menurut pandanganya, atom-atom selalu bergerak, berarti harus ada ruang kosong. Sebab satu atom hanya dapat bergerak dan menduduki satu tempat saja. Sehingga Democritos berpendapat bahwa realitas itu ada dua, yaitu : atom itu sendiri ( yang penuh ), dan ruang atom yang bergerak ( yang kosong ).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang Dunia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">            </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dunia dan seluruh realitas tercipta karena atom-atom yang berbeda bentuk saling mengait satu sama lain. Atom-atom yang berkaitan itu kemudian mulai bergerak berputar, dan makin lama makin banyak atom yang ikut ambil bagian dari gerak tersebut. Kumpulan atom yang lebih besar tinggal di pusat gerak tersebut sedangkan kumpulan atom yang lebih halus dilontarkan ke ujungnya. Demikianlah dunia terbentuk. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang Manusia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">            </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang manusia, Demokritos berpandangan bahwa manusia juga terdiri dari atom-atom. Jiwa manusia digambarkan sebagai atom-atom halus. Atom-atom ini digerakkan oleh gambaran-gambaran kecil atas suatu benda yang disebut <i>eidola</i>. Dengan demikian muncul kesan-kesan indrawi atas benda-benda tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tentang Pengenalan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">            </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebelumnya telah dikatakan bahwa setiap benda, yang tersusun atas atom-atom, mengeluarkan gambaran-gambaran kecil yang disebut <i>eidola</i>. Gambaran-gambaran inilah yang masuk ke panca indra manusia dan disalurkan ke jiwa. Manusia dapat melihat karena gambaran-gambaran kecil tersebut bersentuhan dengan atom-atom jiwa. Proses semacam ini berlaku bagi semua jenis pengenalan indrawi lainnya. Lalu bagaimana dengan kualitas yang diterima oleh indra manusia, seperti pahit, manis, warna, dan sebagainya? Menurut Demokritos atom-atom tersebut tidak memiliki kualitas, jadi darimana kualitas-kualitas seperti itu dirasakan oleh manusia? Menurut Demokritos, kualitas-kualitas seperti itu dihasilkan adanya kontak antara atom-atom tertentu dengan yang lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Misalnya saja, manusia merasakan manis karena atom jiwa bersentuhan dengan atom-atom yang licin. Kemudian manusia merasakan pahit bila jiwa bersentuhan dengan atom-atom yang kasar. Rasa panas didapatkan karena jiwa bersentuhan dengan atom-atom yang bergerak dengan kecepatan tinggi. Dengan demikian, Demokritos menyimpulkan bahwa kualitas-kualitas itu hanya dirasakan oleh subyek dan bukan keadaan benda yang sebenarnya. Karena itulah, Demokritos menyatakan bahwa manusia tidak dapat mengenali hakikat sejati suatu benda. Yang dapat diamati hanyalah gejala atau penampakan benda tersebut. Demokritos mengatakan:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">"Tentunya akan menjadi jelas, ada satu masalah yang tidak dapat dipecahkan, yakni bagaimana keadaan setiap benda dalam kenyataan yang sesungguhnya.Sesungguhnya, <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">kita sama sekali tidak tahu sebab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> kebenaran terletak di dasar jurang yang dalam."</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Etika</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dalam hal lain dengan panjang Demokritos membicarakan etika. Untuk pertama kali manusia diperhatikan oleh filsuf pra Socrates. Etika Demokratos belum disusun secara sistematis. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Demokritos, nilai tertinggi di dalam hidup manusia adalah keadaan batin yang sempurna (<i>euthymia</i>). Hal itu dapat dicapai bila manusia menyeimbangkan semua faktor di dalam kehidupan: kesenangan dan kesusahan, kenikmatan dan pantangan. Yang bertugas mengusahakan keseimbangan ini adalah rasio.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dengan demikian asas tindakan manusia adalah keseimbangan. Orang bijak adalah orang yang mengejar hal-hal yang menguntungkan jiwa dan yang memberikan ketenangan jiwa. Untuk itu pelu keinginan-keinginan lahiriah diredakan dan cara hidup sederhana di praktekan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sumbangsih Zeno                  :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />             Jasa Zeno paling besar adalah pengaruhnya bagi filsafat. Hampir seluruh buku matematika mencantumkan nama Zeno pada indeksnya. Paradoks tidak hanya merupakan pertanyaan terhadap matematika abstrak tetapi juga pada realitas fisik. Memperkecil skala seperti halnya paradoks bulir gandum, sampai tidak dapat dibagi yang memicu orang “membedah” suatu benda sampai tingkat atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengaruh Empedokles          :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Proses penggabungan dan pemisahan anasir </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diatur oleh dua kekuatan yang saling berlawanan, yaitu cinta <i>(filotes)</i> dan benci <i>(neikos</i>), cinta menggabungkan, sedang benci menceraikan. Dengan demikian keduanya dipandang sebagai cairan halus yang meresapi semua benda. Dengan demikian segala sesuatu dipandang sebagai bersifat bendawi. Semula keempat anasir itu digabungkan dalam suatu keselarasan cinta,akan tetapi benci berusaha menceraikan keempatnya tersebut, sehingga muncul pengelompokan 4 zaman Empedokles yang belangsung terus-menerus, silih-berganti,dan kembali lagi kepada yang pertama, tiada henti-hentinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Anaxagoras         :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">            </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurut Anaxagoras, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">zat yang menyusun alam semesta tidak tunggal, zat yang menjadi prinsip alam semesta jumlahnya tidak terhingga. Zat-zat tersebut disebutnya “ benih-benih ‘‘ ( spermata). Setiap benda bahkan seluruh realitas di alam semesta tersusun dari suatu campuran yang mengandung semua benih dalam jumlah tertentu. Indera manusia tidak dapat menyerap semua benih yang ada di dalam satu benda,melainkan hanya benih yang  dominan. Anaxagoras menyatakan hanya ada satu prinsip yang mendorong perubahan-perubahan dari zat-zat dasar yaitu Nous berarti “roh” atau “rasio”. Ia tidak tercampur dengan benih-benih lain dan terpisah dari semua benda,namun menjadi prinsip yang mengatur segala sesuatu. Nous merupakan unsur yang paling halus dan paling murni dari segala yang ada. Anaxagoras berpendapat bahwa badan-badan jagat raya terdiri dari batu-batu yang berpijar akibat kecepatan tinggi dari pusaran angin yang menggerakannya. Nous memang menguasai segala-segalanya, namun tidak ada di dalam makhluk yang tidak hidup termasuk tumbuhan-tumbuhan. Tentang Pengenalan yaitu yang berlawanan mengenal yang berlawanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemikiran Demokritos          :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">            </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demokritos menganggap bahwa unsur-unsur tersebut tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi. Karena itulah, unsur-unsur tersebut diberi nama </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atom</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Yunani</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i><span lang="IN">atomos</span></i><span lang="IN">: <i>a</i> berarti "tidak" dan <i>tomos</i> berarti "terbagi")</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atom-atom tersebut merupakan unsur-unsur terkecil yang membentuk realitas. Ukurannya begitu kecil sehingga mata manusia tidak dapat melihatnya. Atom-atom tersebut berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya melalui tiga hal: bentuknya, urutannya, dan posisinya. atom juga dipandang sebagai tidak dijadikan, tidak dapat dimusnahkan, dan tidak berubah. Demokritus menyatakan bahwa "prinsip dasar alam semesta adalah atom-atom dan kekosongan".</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ia berpendapat bahwa realitas itu ada dua, yaitu : atom itu sendiri ( yang penuh ), dan ruang atom yang bergerak ( yang kosong ).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dunia dan seluruh realitas tercipta karena atom-atom yang berbeda bentuk saling mengait satu sama lain. Kumpulan atom yang lebih besar tinggal di pusat gerak tersebut sedangkan kumpulan atom yang lebih halus dilontarkan ke ujungnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jiwa manusia digambarkan sebagai atom-atom halus. Atom-atom ini digerakkan oleh gambaran-gambaran kecil atas suatu benda yang disebut <i>eidola</i>. Gambaran-gambaran inilah yang masuk ke panca indra manusia dan disalurkan ke jiwa. Manusia dapat melihat karena gambaran-gambaran kecil tersebut bersentuhan dengan atom-atom jiwa. Proses semacam ini berlaku bagi semua jenis pengenalan indrawi lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> N</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ilai tertinggi di dalam hidup manusia adalah keadaan batin yang sempurna (<i>euthymia</i>). Hal itu dapat dicapai bila manusia menyeimbangkan semua faktor di dalam kehidupan: kesenangan dan kesusahan, kenikmatan dan pantangan. Yang bertugas mengusahakan keseimbangan ini adalah rasio.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dengan demikian asas tindakan manusia adalah keseimbangan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA          :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadi wijoyo, Harun, Sari sejarah Filsafat Barat, Kanisius, Yogyakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Achmadi Asmoro, Filsafat umum, Raja Grafindo, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Atang abdul hakim dan Beni ahmad saebani, Filsafat umum,Pustaka Setia, Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, Ensiklopedia bebas</span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></div> <div> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <!--[endif]--> <br /> <div id="ftn1"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">* Mahasiswa Jurusan Tafsir dan Hadits, Fakultas Ushuluddin IAIN Walisongo Semarang.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title="">[1]</a></span></span><a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> Hadi wijoyo, Harun, Sari sejarah Filsafat Barat, Kanisius, Yogyakarta</div> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Achmadi Asmoro, Filsafat umum, Raja Grafindo, Jakarta</div> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Op.cit</div> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Op.cit</div> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <div class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a href="file:///E:/DDATAD/friends/filsafat%20umum/Zeno.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Op.cit</div> </div> </div> </div>

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